Mental Health & Psychology Audiobooks Health & Wellness

NICE guidance recommends that phenytoin can be used as adjunctive treatment for convulsive status epilepticus in hospital and may be considered on referral to tertiary care for the treatment of focal seizures. Phenytoin (brand name Epanutin) is indicated for the control of tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal epilepsy), partial seizures (focal including temporal lobe) or a combination of these, and for the prevention and treatment of seizures occurring during or following neurosurgery and/or severe head injury. NICE guidance recommends that it can be used as adjunctive treatment in convulsive status epilepticus and may be considered for use by a tertiary epilepsy specialist in focal seizures when adjunctive treatment is not effective or not tolerated.

Depending on a mix of genetic predisposition and early learning opportunity we may develop a preference for a particular learning style and people who feel that they only learn by “doing” are likely to have a preference for “kinesthetic” techniques, and would not learn easily with traditional school “chalk and talk” teaching methods. However, the literature tends to extrapolate from this the need for teachers to teach to the learning preference of each pupil and for the learner themselves to develop and emphasise their preferred style. Though this makes sense for enhancing learning in the short term, in the longer term in order to develop life-long learning and brain fitness, we should use this information about learning styles to ensure that we continually improve all our visual, auditory and kinesthetic skills. We need our teachers to take an holistic approach and always use a mix of V. A. K.

The splenium is also frequently injured in head trauma due to specific anatomical features such as its close proximity to the fixed falx that determines how the shearing forces propagates in this region. There were significant correlations between DTI indices extracted from the splenium and several cognitive domains, including attention, verbal fluency, working memory and IQ at six months post-trauma. Our results also indicated positive correlations between FA values in both SLFs and IQ at the same timepoint, in addition to negative correlations between the other DTI metrics and verbal fluency and IQ.

• More recent studies have also shown that it can seriously affect the child’s brain development which may become more apparent as they grow up, particularly in relation to learning and thinking abilities.
• Cerebrum Publishing’s games and puzzle books are an awesome solution to maintaining an active mind.
• The protein produced from the gene is normally purified from the milk of the animal.
• We know that our emotions have a profound effect on memory and there is increasing evidence to suggest that our immune system also interacts with our emotions and our long-term memory.
• For example, some babies are born with cataracts which make the lens of the eye go cloudy and obscures vision.

Epilepsy medicines and the risks to the unborn baby

Epilepsy is a long-term condition and so people can be on medicines for a long time. Understandably there are many concerns that a woman will have when she begins to plan a pregnancy. These include how her epilepsy might affect her chance of becoming pregnant, how the pregnancy might affect her epilepsy, and also how her epilepsy medicine(s) may affect her unborn baby. In drug development, preclinical development, also named preclinical studies and non-clinical studies, is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) can begin, and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected. Used interchangeably with the term ‘pre-clinical studies’ within this report. The available non-clinical data are very limited and focus on an identified neuroprotective property of zonisamide in different settings, such as during ischaemic damage.

Retrospective study

When this happens, the true link between exposure and outcome is distorted. People may be placed in the wrong groups for different reasons including because of incomplete medical records, recording errors in medical records, or misinterpretation of records. Studies which assess trends in the occurrence, distribution or control of diseases or medical conditions in defined populations. A rare birth defect in where the baby’s skull doesn’t grow properly and their head becomes an unusual shape. A medical condition that is acquired by the fetus during pregnancy and is present at birth.

This type of data provides insights on the drug’s potential to interfere in human embryonic/fetal development because the mechanisms facilitating embryonic/fetal development are highly conserved through evolution and as a result there are many similarities between the response in the animals and humans. The overarching findings of the review are that lamotrigine (brand name Lamictal) and levetiracetam (brand name Keppra) are the safer of the reviewed antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy because they are not linked with an increased risk of birth abnormalities compared with the general population. The available information also does cerebrumiq not suggest an increased risk of the child having difficulties with learning or thinking ability but further data are needed to draw firm conclusions. Doctors or specialist epilepsy nurses should use this information when discussing treatment options with women and girls with epilepsy when starting treatment and at routine recommended annual review, and with women who are planning a pregnancy. Effects on fetal development and growth have also been observed in clinical studies.

The conclusions of this assessment are based on an evaluation of the available non-clinical and clinical data. The assessment takes into account the methodology, including the quality of data, how it was collected, the existence of a non-exposed group or control group, the type of controls, and if possible, the inclusion of foetuses aborted due to malformation, and so on. To allow a proper evaluation of the reliability of the data, the available studies must be of adequate scientific quality. This public assessment report summarises the main evidence and key findings for the antiepileptic drugs considered in this review. It also presents the conclusions of the Commission on Human Medicines and its Neurology, Pain and Psychiatry Expert Advisory Group (NPPEAG). The epilepsy medicine, valproate or valproic acid (▼; brand names Epilim, Depakote, Convulex, Episenta, Epival, Kentlim, Syonell, Orlept, Valpal) can seriously harm an unborn baby if taken by the mother during pregnancy.